250 to 250: 77. “Don’t Give Up the Ship,” Narrated by Representative Chris Deluzio

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: “Don’t Give Up the Ship,” Narrated by Representative Chris Deluzio

Congressman Chris Deluzio is an Iraq War veteran, voting rights attorney, and union organizer who serves as the U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania’s 17th congressional district. Deluzio tells how a dying captain's final order became the battle flag Oliver Hazard Perry flew to victory at Lake Erie, and an enduring symbol of American perseverance.

In June 1813, the United States was fighting Great Britain in the War of 1812.

• U.S. Navy Captain James Lawrence was badly wounded in a battle near Boston.
• Before he died, Lawrence told his sailors, “Don’t give up the ship.”
• His friend, Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, remembered these words.
• Perry put the words on a large blue battle flag.
• On September 10, 1813, Perry fought the British in the Battle of Lake Erie.
• His flagship, the USS Lawrence, was named for Captain Lawrence.
• Perry and his sailors won an important victory over the British.
• The victory helped the United States during the War of 1812.

“Don’t give up the ship” became a famous motto of the U.S. Navy.

• The original flag is displayed at the United States Naval Academy.
• Today, the words are also a reminder to have courage and not give up.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 9:26. Are you currently a member of the U.S. armed forces?
• USCIS 100:53. / 128:67.  What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen?
• USCIS 100:72. / 128:91. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1800s. 

Family Fun:

• A History of the Navy in 100 Objects: Object #11: Dont Give Up The Ship Flag
• HMDB: Making of the Flag "Don't Give Up The Ship"
• NPS:  Perry's Victory & International Peace Memorial: The Battle of Lake Erie, War of 1812  | Junior Ranger Activities online / 6-9 / 10-12 | Boston Harbor: "Don't Give Up the Ship" Sign
• US Navy: Don’t Give Up the Ship! | Oliver Hazard Perry
• USPS: War Of 1812’s Battle Of Lake Erie Commemorated On Forever Stamp

250 to 250: 76. 10th Mountain Division, Narrated by Representative Jason Crow

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: 10th Mountain Division, Narrated by Representative Jason Crow

United States Congressman Jason Crow of Colorado is a former paratrooper and Army Ranger who earned a Bronze Star during the invasion of Iraq. Crow explains how the 10th Mountain Division fought heroically in World War II and helped to develop the American commercial skiing industry.

In 1942, during World War II, the U.S. Army created a special mountain unit.

• It became the 10th Mountain Division.
• Soldiers trained at Camp Hale in the mountains of Colorado.
• They learned to ski, climb mountains, and survive in very cold weather.
• In 1945, the soldiers fought in the mountains of Italy.
• They helped break through German defenses.
• They helped the Allies move north through the Apennine Mountains.
• The division's motto was “Climb to Glory.”

After the war, many veterans returned to Colorado.

• Some veterans helped develop the American ski industry.
• They helped build and develop ski areas such as Arapahoe Basin, Aspen, and Vail.
• The 10th Mountain Division influenced both U.S. military history and American skiing.
  

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 9:25. Have you ever served in the U.S. military?
• USCIS 100:81. Who did the United States fight in World War II?
• USCIS 128:116. Name one U.S. military conflict after the September 11, 2001 attacks. 

Family Fun

• 10th Mountain Division: Operation Mountain Resolve - 2003 (Afghanistan)
• 10th Mountain Division Descendants: K-12 Education Project (activities organized by K12 grade)
• Colorado Snowsports Museum: 10th Mountain Division digital exhibition
• FTMP: Fire on the Mountain (documentary)
• History Colorado: 10th Mountain Division: Skiing Off to War with Flint Whitlock
• NPS: 10th Mountain Division Memorial
• National WWII Museum: ‘Climb to Glory’: The 10th Mountain Division’s Ski and Mountain Troops | Senator Bob Dole (2nd Lt. wounded near Castel d'Aiano)
• PBS: Warren Miller's Climb to Glory: Legacy of the 10th Mountain Ski Troopers
• Smithsonian Folklife: My Father’s War: WWII through the Lens of a Latino American Soldier
• US Army: Fort Drum: 10th Mountain Division (LI) | Museum

250 to 250: 75. Homestead Act, Narrated by Todd Arrington

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Homestead Act, Narrated by Todd Arrington

Todd Arrington is a historian, writer, and veteran. He serves as Executive Director of the Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation. Arrington examines the Homestead Act of 1862, which offered 160 acres of land—taken from Indigenous tribes—to settlers seeking opportunity in the American West.

In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act.

• The law helped people get land in the American West.
• The U.S. government offered settlers 160 acres of public land.
• Much of this land had been taken from Native American tribes.
• Settlers had to live on and farm the land for five years.
• If they followed the rules, they could own the land.
• Life on a homestead was often very difficult.
• Many farms failed because parts of the West were very dry.

However, the Homestead Act gave some Americans new opportunities.

• Single women could claim land in their own names.
• Thousands of formerly enslaved Black Americans also claimed land.
• Homesteaders eventually received more than 270 million acres in 30 states.
• The Homestead Act changed settlement and farming in the American West.
  

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 4:01. What date did you start to reside (live) t you current physical (home) address?
• USCIS 100:58.  What is one reason colonists came to America?
• USCIS 128:73.  The colonists came to America for many reasons. Name one.

Family Fun:

• Friends of Homestead: Land of Immigrants | Black Homesteaders and the Story of Nicodemus
• NPS: Homestead National Park, Nebraska | Online Activities | Junior Ranger Activity Booklet
• National Archives: The Homestead Act (primary resources)
• PBS Learning Labs: The Homestead Act and the Populating of the Great Plains | Single Women Homesteaders | African American Settlers
• Postal Museum: Mail and Migration (online exhibit)
• Smithsonain Learning Labs: The Impact of the Homestead Act (primary resources!)
• US Mint: Homestead Quarter (Nebraska) 

250 to 250: 74. 1868 Iowa School Desegregation, Narrated by Connie Ryan

 

 

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: 1868 Iowa School Desegregation, Narrated by Connie Ryan

Connie Ryan has served as Executive Director of Interfaith Alliance of Iowa since 2002. With her leadership, the organization challenges religious extremism, defends democracy, protects religious freedom, and safeguards the rights of all Iowans. Connie is a registered lobbyist at the Iowa Legislature whose advocacy focuses on civil rights, religious liberty, strong public schools, and judicial independence. Ryan tells how 12-year-old Susan Clark integrated an Iowa school in 1868, winning a desegregation case decades before Brown v. Board of Education.

In the 1800s, many U.S. schools separated Black and white children.

• Susan Clark was a 12-year-old Black student in Muscatine, Iowa.
• She wanted to attend a school for white children.
• The school did not allow Susan to attend because she was Black.
• Her father, Alexander Clark, went to court to fight this rule.

In 1868, the Iowa Supreme Court ruled in favor of Susan and her father.

• Justice Chester Cole said that separating students by race was against the Iowa Constitution.
• The Iowa Constitution promised “equal rights to all.”
• Susan was allowed to attend the previously all-white school.
• This happened 86 years before the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision.
• The Clark family helped advance equal education for Black children.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 7: Where have you attended school full time or part time for the past 5 years?
• USCIS 100:02. What does the Constitution do?
• USCIS 128:10. Name two important ideas from the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
• USCIS 100:37. / 128:51 What does the judicial branch do?

Family Fun

• African American Museum of Iowa: Susan Clark
• Bleeding Heartland: No picture of Susan? | What became of Susie Clark?
• Drake Law: Clark Decision: Celebrating 150 Years of Iowa School Desegregation: Welcome
• Notes on Iowa: The Case of Susan Clark
• Stanley Center: Susie Clark: The Bravest Girl You’ve Ever Seen | Educator Guide
• Teaching Iowa History: Susan Clark
• Urban Faith: Who was the first black child to go to an integrated school?
• uscitizenpod: Iowa State Quarter coloring page

250 to 250: 73. Presidential Election of 1980, Narrated by Ben Rhodes

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Presidential Election of 1980, Narrated by Ben Rhodes

Ben Rhodes is an influential writer, political commentator, former deputy national security advisor, and author of All We Say: The Battle for American Identity. Rhodes examines Ronald Reagan's 1980 election and the conservative agenda that reshaped American government and echoes in politics today.

On November 4, 1980, Ronald Reagan defeated President Jimmy Carter in the election.

• Reagan had been a movie actor and governor of California.
• He promised to cut taxes and government rules.
• He believed these changes would help businesses and the economy grow.
• Reagan also wanted to reduce some government social programs.
• He supported a larger and stronger U.S. military.
• His speeches focused on individual freedom, strength, and prosperity.
• Many voters liked Reagan's message about a stronger America.
• His administration worked to reduce the role of the federal government.
• Conservative organizations such as the Heritage Foundation provided policy ideas for his administration.
• Reagan's election helped begin a new period of conservative politics in the United States.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 2:01. What is your current legal name?
• USCIS 100:28. / 128:38.  What is the name of the President of the United States now?*
• USCIS 100:43. / 128:61.  Who is the Governor of your state now?

Family Fun:

• Architect of the Capitol: Ronald Reagan Statue
• Crash Course: The Reagan Revolution: Crash Course US History #43
• Monday Mandala: President Ronald Reagan
• National Archives: Reagan Artifacts
• PBS American Experience: Ronald Reagan
• PBS Learning Media: Ronald Reagan
• Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum: Educational Resources

250 to 250: 72. Advent of Bebop, Narrated by Rick Perlstein

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Advent of Bebop, Narrated by Rick Perlstein

Rick Perlstein is an American historian, journalist, and author known for his in-depth chronicles of post-World War II conservatism. Perlstein explores the birth of bebop, the revolutionary jazz style forged by Black musicians in the 1940s that transformed the music into sophisticated high art.

Before World War II, jazz bands often played music for people to dance.

• In New York, a new tax made dancing in clubs more expensive.
• Some clubs began to offer jazz for people to sit and listen to.
• Black jazz musicians began to develop a new kind of jazz.
• They built on the work of famous musicians such as Louis Armstrong.
• Musicians played fast and difficult music with new rhythms.
• They also created music as they played. This is called improvisation.
• This new style became known as bebop.

In 1942, many musicians stopped making records because they wanted fair pay.

• The recording strike ended in 1944.
• After the strike, more Americans heard the new bebop sound.
• Bebop helped make jazz an important form of modern American art.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Have you EVER advocated (supported and promoted) any of the following, or been a member of, involved in, or in any way associated with any group anywhere in the world that advocated opposition to all organized government?
• USCIS 100:78. / 128:100.   Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s.
• USCIS 100:80 / 128.105.   Who was president during the Great Depression and World War II? 

Family Fun

• Big On Bebop: Bebop Bio's Under 5 Minutes playlist
• Carnegie Hall: Timeline of African American Music: Bebop
• NMAAHC: Musical Crossroads
• NPR: How Taxes And Moving Changed The Sound Of Jazz
• PBS Learning Lab:  Jazz Diplomacy during the Cold War
• The National Jazz Museum in Harlem: The Birth of BeBop (1939-1945)
• VOANews: 'Jazz Ambassadors' Tells Story of American Diplomacy Through Music
• uscitizenpod: Jazz, 2011 USPS Stamp coloring page
• WRTI: Did the Cabaret Tax Kill Big Bands?

250 to 250: 71. Barney Ford, Narrated by Representative Joe Neguse

 

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Barney Ford, Narrated by Representative Joe Neguse

United States Representative Joe Neguse of Colorado is a member of the Natural Resources, Judiciary, and Rules Committees, and is the Ranking Member on the House Subcommittee on Federal Lands. He’s also served as the House Assistant Minority Leader since 2024. Representative Neguse recalls the life of Barney Ford, a pioneering Black entrepreneur in Colorado who fought for the 15th Amendment.

Barney Ford was born into slavery in 1822.

• He escaped from a plantation in South Carolina.
• He moved west to build a new life.
• He settled in Denver, Colorado.
• He opened a barber shop, a hotel, and a restaurant.
• He became a successful businessman.
• He bought land and built more businesses.
• By the 1870s, he was one of the richest men in Colorado.

Ford supported voting rights for Black men.

• He worked for the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
• He also served in the Colorado legislature.
• Today, Barney Ford is remembered for his success, courage, and work for equal rights.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 9:02. Have you EVER registered to vote or voted in any Federal, state, or local election in the United States?
• USCIS 100:55. What are two ways that Americans can participate in their democracy?
• USCIS 128:98. When did all men get the right to vote?

Family Fun:

• Breck History: Barney Ford Museum
• Breckenridge Heritage Alliance: Myth-busting: The True Story of Barney Ford
• CBS Colorado: Historians share how Black community leaders in Colorado fought to secure voting rights
• Colorado News: Fifty for 150: Colorado Black civic leader, businessman Barney Ford dies in 1902
• History Colorado: Black History and Heritage | Lincoln Hills | You Don't Know Barney Ford
• Rocky Mountain PBS: Colorado Experience: Mr. Barney Ford
• uscitizenpod: Barney L. Ford coloring page

250 to 250: 70. Great Crash of 1929, Narrated by Paul Krugman

 

 

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Great Crash of 1929, Narrated by Paul Krugman

Paul Krugman is a Nobel Prize–winning economist recognized worldwide for his groundbreaking work on international trade and his influential voice on the economic issues of our time. Krugman recounts the 1929 stock market crash that plunged America into the Great Depression and ushered in Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.

In the 1920s, many people bought stocks.

• Stock prices went up very fast.
• Many people believed prices would keep rising.

In October 1929, the stock market crashed.

• Many people lost a lot of money.
• Banks and businesses closed.
• Many workers lost their jobs.
• Farmers and families had hard times.
• This time is called the Great Depression.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt promised a plan called the New Deal.

• The New Deal created jobs, built roads and bridges, and helped families.
• The New Deal also increased government rules for banks and businesses.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 7:01. If you were unemployed, on what dates were you unemployed?
• USCIS 100:80. / 128:105. Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II?
• USCIS 128:103. What was the Great Depression?
• USCIS 128:104. When did the Great Depression start?

Family Fun:

• FDIC: Money Smart Basics for Kids
• LOC: New Deal Programs: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? lesson plans
• PBS American Experience: The Crash of 1929 (stream or borrow from your library)
• National Archives: Teaching the Great Depression & New Deal
• NPS: FDR's Home Junior Ranger Booklet
• NPS: FDR Memorial, Washington DC
• USPS: The 20th Century: New Deal Art: Eager and Alive
• uscitizenpod: Common Determination coloring page
• We Speak NYC: Love and Money (beginning level telenovela about banks in America)