250 to 250:107. Cherokee Phoenix, Narrated by Rebecca Nagle

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Cherokee Phoenix, Narrated by Rebecca Nagle

Rebecca Nagle is an award-winning journalist and citizen of Cherokee Nation. She is the host of the First America podcast. Nagle tells the story of the Cherokee Phoenix, the first Native-run newspaper in America, which fought for Cherokee land and sovereignty and still publishes today.

The Cherokee Nation used writing to protect its land and rights.

• In 1828, the Cherokee Nation started a newspaper.
• It was the first Native American newspaper in the United States.
• Elias Boudinot was the first editor.
• He named the newspaper the Cherokee Phoenix.
• The newspaper was printed in Cherokee and English.
• President Andrew Jackson and Southern states wanted the Cherokee people to leave their land.
• The newspaper spoke out for Cherokee land and rights.
• Other newspapers across the country printed its stories.
• Some of its ideas were discussed in the U.S. Senate.
• The U.S. government later forced many Cherokee people from their homeland.
• This forced journey became known as the Trail of Tears.
• The Cherokee Phoenix still publishes news today.
• It is the oldest Native American newspaper in the United States.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 9:7.g. Have you causen do harm or suffering to any person because of their race, religion, national origin, membership in a particular group, or political opinion?
• USCIS 100:51. What are two rights of everyone living in the United States?
• USCIS 128:65.   What are three rights of everyone living in the United States? 
• USCIS 100:59. / 128:74.   Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived?
• USCIS 100:87. / 128:117. Name one American Indian tribe in the United States.
• Read: Name one right in the Bill of Rights.  /  What do people in America have?
• Write: Freedom of speech is a right. | People in America have freedom of speech.

Family Fun:

• Cherokee: government  | coloring pages
• Cherokee Phoenix: History of the Cherokee Phoenix | newspaper website | YouTube channel
• NMAI: Native Knowledge 360: Cherokee Nation Case Study lesson plan
• NMAI: Price of Freedom: Eastern Indian Wars: A Civilized People
• NPS: Trail of Tears National Historic Trail | Junior Ranger Activity Booklet
• New Georgia Encyclopedia: The Cherokee Phoenix
• Story Maps: The Cherokee Advocate: Resistance Through Journalism
• Teach US History: Memorial of the Cherokee Nation, December 1829
• The Atlantic: Will Congress Fulfill a 184-Year-Old Promise to the Cherokee?
• WCU: Cherokee Phoenix (digital library)
• uscitizenpod: Sequoyah, inventor of the Cherokee Syllabary coloring page

250 to 250:106. Norman Borlaug, Narrated by Tom Vilsack

Remembering 9/11

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Norman Borlaug, Narrated by Tom Vilsack

Tom Vilsack is the former Secretary of Agriculture under the Obama and Biden administrations, the former governor of Iowa, and CEO of the World Food Prize Foundation. Vilsack is known for his significant contributions to global food challenge advocacy. Vilsack profiles Dr. Norman Borlaug, the Iowa-born scientist whose Green Revolution transformed global agriculture and saved more than a billion lives from famine.

Norman Borlaug was born in Iowa in 1914.

• He was a farm scientist.
• He helped farmers grow more wheat.
• He worked in Mexico, India, and Pakistan.
• His work helped fight hunger.
• His work was part of the Green Revolution.

Borlaug helped save many lives.

• He won the Nobel Peace Prize.
• He helped start the World Food Prize.
• Borlaug believed everyone should have enough food.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz: 

• N-400 Part 9:37. If the law requires it, are you willing to perform work of national importance under civilian direction (do non-military work that the U.S. Government says is important to the country)?
• USCIS 100:53. What is one promise you make when you become a United States citizen?
• USCIS 128:67. Name two promises that new citizens make in the Oath of Allegiance. 

Family Fun:

• Farm Journal: Harvest of Thanks - Honoring the Father of the Green Revolution
• Mark Gillican: Norman Borlaug playlist
• NPS: Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area | Norman Borlaug Boyhood Home & Heritage Farm | Lesson Plans
• National Postal Museum: 44c American Flag and Wheat
• NDSBEANCAP: Norman Borlaug & The Green Revolution
• OER Project: The Green Revolution: Feeding Billions in a Changing World
• PBS American Experience: The Man Who Tried to Feed the Whole World | clip
• PBS Learning Media: Borlaug Receives Congressional Gold Medal | Iowa Pathways
• TAMU: Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture and Development
• USDA: Why You Should Know the Name Norman Borlaug
• US Mint: American Innovation Dollar: Iowa: Dr. Norman Borlaug coloring page
• Visit the Capitol: National Statuary Hall: Iowa: Norman E. Borlaug
• World Food Prize Foundation: Norman Borlaug: A Lifetime Fighting Hunger
• Woyoho: Norman Borlaug - Feed The World, with Science & Technology
• VOA News: Norman Borlaug, Green Revolution Pioneer, Dead at 95

250 to 250:105. Declaration of Independence, Narrated by Heather Cox Richardson

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Declaration of Independence, Narrated by Heather Cox Richardson

Heather Cox Richardson is an award-winning historian and the author of Letters from an American. She’s the author of seven books, including the bestselling Democracy Awakening: Notes on the State of America. Richardson revisits the Declaration of Independence and the principles of equality and self-government that set America on the road to becoming "the last, best hope of Earth."

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence.

• The 13 colonies declared independence from Great Britain.
• The Declaration said that all people are equal.
• It said that government gets its power from the people.

On August 2, 1776, many delegates signed the Declaration.

• Signing the Declaration was dangerous.
• The signers promised to support American independence.
• The United States has not always treated everyone equally.
• Americans continue to work for freedom and equality.
• The Declaration helped create the United States of America.
• Later, Abraham Lincoln called America, "the last best hope of Earth."
  

POP Interview and Civics Quiz: 

• N-400 Part 2:6. What is your Date of Birth?
• USCIS 100:63. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
• USCIS 128:08. Why is the Declaration of Independence important?
• USCIS 128:09. What founding document said the American colonies were free from Britain?
• Reading: When is Independence Day? 
• Writing:  Independence Day is in July. 

Family Fun:

• American English at State: Celebrate Independence Day (pdf)
• Heather Cox Richardson: The Declaration of Independence | Journey to American Democracy
• LOC: Declaration of Independence: Primary Documents in American History
• NPS: The Declaration of Independence | Junior Ranger Activity Booklet
• National Archives: Declaration of Independence
• National Postal Museum: Declaration of Independence | 2026 stamp
• New York Historical: The Declaration of Independence // The Citizenship Project [E01]
• PBS: The Declaration of Independence & Birth of the United States (clip) | Ken Burns' The American Revolution 
• PBS Learning Media: Explore the Declaration of Independence
• Smithsonian: Signers of the Declaration of Independence
• TED-ED: What you might not know about the Declaration of Independence - Kenneth C. Davis (video)
• US Mint: Declaration of Independence Quarter coloring page
• Wikipedia: 1862 State of the Union Address: "Last Best Hope" quoted by other US presidents
• Untold History: Why did the Colonies Declare Independence? | Are All Men Created Equal? How the Founding Fathers Viewed Slavery (check for more)
• USCIS: For Independence Day
• USCIS highlights some of the resources for learners and teachers that are related to this important holiday.  Includes Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence and Establishing Independence.   Also check out two pdfs from the 13-pdf A More Perfect Union series: The Civics Test Guide to the Memorial to the Signers of Declaration of Independence and The Civics Test Guide to the Jefferson Memorial

250 to 250:104. Clara Barton, Narrated by Elizabeth R. Varon

 

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Clara Barton, Narrated by Elizabeth R. Varon

Elizabeth R. Varon is an award-winning historian and the author of seven books on the Civil War era, including The Wars of Clara Barton: One Woman's Fight for the Soul of America (forthcoming with Simon & Schuster in July 2027). Varon profiles Clara Barton, the Civil War "angel of the battlefield" who founded the American Red Cross and championed women's suffrage.

Clara Barton helped wounded soldiers during the Civil War.

• She brought food, medicine, and other supplies to soldiers.
• She cared for wounded soldiers on battlefields.
• People called her the “Angel of the Battlefield.”

After the Civil War, Barton learned about the International Red Cross.

• The Red Cross helped people during wars and emergencies.
• On May 21, 1881, Barton started the American Red Cross in Washington, D.C.
• She was its president for 23 years.
• Under Barton, the American Red Cross helped people during wars and disasters.

Barton also supported women’s right to vote.

• She believed women should have the same rights and opportunities as men.
  

POP Interview and Civics Quiz: 

• USCIS PM-602-0188. Do you volunteer or help your community?
• USCIS 100:73. / 128:92. Name the U.S. war between the North and the South. 
• USCIS 128:102. When did all women get the right to vote? 

Family Fun:

• American Battlefield Trust: Clara Barton Collection at the National Museum of Civil War Medicine
• American Red Cross: Clara Barton
• Civil War Digital Digest: Clara Barton, Socks, and Solider Care
• Clara Barton Missing Soldiers Office Museum: Learn (lesson plans) | Women's Suffrage speech
• Kristen Southern: Clara Barton: Suffragist
• LOC: Clara Barton Papers
• Listen and Reas Along: Biography - BC - Clara Barton - Founder - American Red Cross
• NMUSA: Clara Barton
• NPS: Clara Barton National Historical Site | Learn | Code
• National Archives: Remembering the Geneva Convention through the words of Clara Barton
• National Postal Museum: Clara Barton | Civil War Series (1995) | Clara Barton and President Lincoln
• Smithsonian: At the Front: Clara Barton and the Civil War
• UUA: Activity 1: Story, Angel of the Battlefield, Clara Barton
• Untold History: Responsibility: Clara Barrton
• Women's History Museum: Exploring Clara Barton’s Legacy: A Field Trip into Women’s History Preservation

250 to 250:103. Melissa Ludtke, Narrated by Alex Coffey

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Melissa Ludtke, Narrated by Alex Coffey

Alex Coffey is a second-generation sportswriter known for her work for The Athletic and The Philadelphia Inquirer. Her stories were included in The Year’s Best Sports Writing in 2023 and 2024. Coffey tells how sportswriter Melissa Ludtke's 1977 lawsuit won female journalists equal access to locker rooms and expanded opportunities for women in sports media.

Sports reporters often interview players after games.

• For many years, male reporters could enter locker rooms, but female reporters could not.

Melissa Ludtke was a sports reporter.

• In 1977, she covered the baseball World Series.
• Baseball officials stopped her from entering the players’ locker room because she was a woman.
• Ludtke went to federal court.
• She asked for the same access as male reporters.

Judge Constance Baker Motley ruled in Ludtke’s favor.

• Motley was the first Black woman to become a federal judge.
• The decision helped women get equal opportunities in sports journalism.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz: 

• N-400 Part 7:01. List where and when you have worked full- time or part- time during the last 5 years.
• USCIS 100:06. One is one right or freedom from the First Amendment?
• USCIS 128:10. Name two important ideas from the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

Family Fun:

• 97yny: Melissa Ludtke in Conversation with Secretary Hillary Rodham Clinton: Locker Room Talk & Gutsy Women
• Docs Teach: Melissa Ludtke's Complaint
• Beyond the Box Score: Meet the woman who fought Major League Baseball for equal locker room access for all reporters
• ESPN: The fight for women sports reporters' access to locker rooms is history -- or is it?
• Herstory: Oral History of Women Journalists: 19. Melissa Ludtke (Oral History of Women Journalists)
• History: Lawsuit prompts MLB to allow locker room access to female reporters
• MLB: How Melissa Ludtke blazed a trail for women in baseball
• Melissa Ludke: Baseball and American Culture + Women | Stories | Substack | Medium | Locker Room Talk book | Locker Room Talk Videos playlist
• National Archive Foundation: Ludtke v Kuhn, 1977
• Philly Baseball: The Ludtke Lawsuit Changed Sports Coverage Forever
• SI: The Everlasting Legacy of Melissa Ludtke, Who Dared to Join the Boys Club of the Baseball Press
• WGBH: Melissa Ludtke details her barrier-breaking legal fight in "Locker Room Talk"
• Worcester Guardian: Melissa Ludtke reflects on lawsuit that changed sports journalism
• uscitizenpod: coloring pages: Melissa Ludtke | Constance Baker Motley

250 to 250:102. Medicare and Medicaid Act, Narrated by Senator Andy Kim

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Medicare and Medicaid Act, Narrated by Senator Andy Kim

Senator Andy Kim is an American politician and former diplomat known for being the first Korean American elected to the U.S. Senate and the first Asian American elected to federal office from New Jersey. Senator Kim works as a key defender against Medicare and Medicaid cuts and privatization while serving on the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, as well as the Special Committee on Aging.  Here, Senator Kim traces the road to Medicare and Medicaid, from Truman's Fair Deal to Lyndon Johnson's 1965 signing that expanded health coverage to millions. 

After World War II, President Harry Truman introduced the Fair Deal.

• He wanted better public housing, civil rights, and health insurance for all Americans.
• Congress raised the minimum wage from 40 cents to 75 cents an hour.
• Congress also gave Social Security benefits to more people.
• Congress did not pass a national health insurance program during Truman’s presidency.

In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson supported the Great Society program.

• Congress created Medicare and Medicaid that year.
• Medicare is a federal health insurance program, mainly for people age 65 and older.
• Medicaid helps eligible people with limited income. The federal and state governments pay for it.
• These programs have helped millions of Americans receive health care.
• President Johnson signed the new law on July 30, 1965.
• He gave the first Medicare cards to former President Truman and his wife, Bess Truman, to honor Truman’s work.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz: 

• N-400 Part 2:12.a. Do you want Social Security administration (SSA) to issue an original or replacement Social Security card and update your immigration status with the SSA if and when you are naturalized?
• USCIS 100:33.  / 128.43. Who signs bills to become laws?
• Reading: What does Congress do?
• Writing:  
• Congress makes laws. 
• Congress makes laws in Washington D.C.
• Congress meets in Washington D.C. to make laws.

Family Fun:

• AARP Answers: Medicare Parts A, B, C, and D (Explained)
• CMS: History of Medicare and Medicaid (timeline)
• House: President Harry S. Truman’s Fair Deal proposal to a Joint Session of Congress
• LBJ Presidential Library: Medicare and Medicaid Act
• Medicare: All non-English publications
• Medicare: Looking for help in other languages? 
  If you, or someone you’re helping, has questions about Medicare, you have the right to get help and information in your language at no cost. To talk to an interpreter, call 1-800-MEDICARE (1-800-633-4227).
• Medicare Advocacy: Explainer: Changes to Medicare Eligibility Based on Immigration Status  H.R. 1 and Proposed Implementing Regulations August 2026 
• Monday Mandala: Doctor & Nurse Coloring Pages
• National Archives: Medicare and Medicaid Act (1965)
• Refugee and Immigration Services: Community Education Videos playlist (many videos about Medicaid in multiple languages)
• Senate: Medicare Signed Into Law
• Truman Library: Signing Medicare into Law | The First Medicare Cards
• USAHello: A guide to health insurance for immigrants

250 to 250:101. Horace Mann, Narrated by Nicholas Ferroni

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Horace Mann, Narrated by Nicholas Ferroni

Nicholas Ferroni is a nationally recognized high school history and cultural studies teacher best known for his work as an advocate for students, education policy, teacher pay, and host of the award-winning series, "Historically Correct." Ferroni profiles Horace Mann, the reformer known as the father of America's public schools, who championed free, universal education as democracy's great equalizer.

Horace Mann was born in Massachusetts in 1796.

• He is often called the father of the American public school system.
• Mann believed that education should be available to everyone.
• He worked to make public schools free for all children.
• He wanted students from different religions to attend the same public schools.
• He wanted a longer school year and better-trained teachers.
• Mann believed that a good education helped people become informed citizens.
• He believed education could make American democracy stronger.
• Mann later served in the U.S. Congress.
• He became president of Antioch College in Ohio.
• Antioch College admitted Black students and taught women and men together.
• Mann also supported equal pay for women teachers.
• He encouraged students to work to make life better for other people.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 7: 01. Where have you attended school full time or part time for the past 5 years?
• USCIS 100:36. / 128.48. What are two Cabinet-level positions?
• USCIS 100:42. / 128:59.  Name one power that is only for the states.

Family Fun:

• Antioch College: Horace Mann Pioneer In Education | Antioch Works for Democracy
• Dedam Museum and Archive: Horace Mann: Right to Free Public School
• Franklin Historical Museum: The Life of Horace Mann
• History: Who Invented Public School in America?
• Historically Correct: Website | YouTube
• Horace Mann League of the USA: Public Education: Imperative for Democracy
• Kerrie Naylor: Antioch: Vision and Revision
• NPS: The Struggle for Equal Education (more at Smith Court Stories)
• Lori E. Varlotta: Horace Mann’s Enduring Legacy at Antioch University: Education as a Force for Democracy
• Voices of Democracy: Horace Mann, “The Necessity of Education in a Republican Government” (Fall 1839)
• PBS Thirteen: Teach Civics: ‘Schools should be incubators for democracy’
• uscitizenpod: coloring pages: Horace Mann; Helping Children Learn; Public Education; Higher Education; Learning Never Ends

250 to 250:100. Ralph Carr and Japanese Internment, Narrated by Jay Kuo

Heather Cox Richardson and 250 to 250: Ralph Carr and Japanese Internment, Narrated by Jay Kuo

Jay Kuo is a composer, lyricist and two-time Tony winning Broadway producer. He is an appellate lawyer, the CEO of The Social Edge and the author of The Status Kuo, a daily Substack newsletter covering politics and law. Jay is the Chair-elect of the Human Rights Campaign, the nation’s largest LGBTQ+ civil rights organization. Kuo tells how Colorado governor Ralph Carr stood firm in defense of Japanese Americans during World War II internment, even as it cost him his political career.

In December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.

• About two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066.
• The order led to the forced removal and imprisonment of about 120,000 Japanese Americans.
• Many were U.S. citizens.
• Families had to leave their homes, jobs, businesses, and communities.
• Many were sent to camps surrounded by fences and guards.

Ralph Carr, the governor of Colorado, opposed the unfair treatment of Japanese Americans.

• He believed Japanese American citizens should have the same rights as other U.S. citizens.
• Carr spoke out even when his position was unpopular.
• He believed that taking away their civil rights went against American principles.
• His position hurt his political career, but he continued to defend the rights of Japanese Americans.

POP Interview and Civics Quiz:

• N-400 Part 9:31. Do you support the Constitution and the Form of Government of the United States?
• USCIS 100:43 / 128:61. Who is the governor of your state now?
• USCIS 100:81.   Who did the United States fight in World War II?
• USCIS 128:106. Why did the United States enter World War II?

Family Fun:

• 9 News: Colorado History: Governor Ralph Carr stands up for the rights of all Americans after Pearl Harbor
• AJ+: George Takei Talks Japanese American Incarceration
• Adam J. Schrager: The Principled Politician playlist
• Denver Post: Colorado’s governor Ralph Carr opposed Japanese Americans' internment
• Denver Public Library: Ralph Carr (1887-1950)
• George Takei Oh Myy: Allegiance (Broadway musical) playlist | stream or borrow dvd
• Facing History and Ourselves: Bearing Witness to Japanese American Incarceration
• Japanese American National Museum: Learn
• NPS: Japanese American Incarceration | Amache National Historic Site (near Granada, Colorado)
• PBS: The Principled Politician: A Story of Courage (Ralph Carr) | Before They Take Us Away 
• National Japanese American Memorial Foundation (NJAMF): Learn
• uscitizenpod: Governor Ralph Carr of Colorado coloring page